The NSA program

The Controversy Surrounding NSA Program Terrorism is a rising concern that is not only bothering first world countries but also third world countries as well. Terrorist activities have spread so much in the last two decades that they now threaten countries that were previously considered immune, such countries as Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The NSA program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government of the United States has taken this concern and in the effort to contain terrorism formed the National Security Agency (NSA) in 1952. The program targeted calling behavior of Americans both within and without USA who â€Å"had suspected links to terrorist activities† (Fisher 199). Its would not have bee successful had it incorporated the help of American Telephone companies such as ATT while those who refused cooperation collapsed (Levy et al 5; Fisher 198). (NSA c ould not operate legally without the necessary legal requirements thus the enactment of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, FISA in 1978 (Fisher 185). The purpose of this paper is to explore how the controversy surrounding the NSA program since its enactment especially during the reign of President George bush Yale University School of Law Symposium explains that FISA initial intension was to ensure that all intelligence wiretaps were done for â€Å"a probable reason† (404). FISA statute required the establishment of FISA courts to grant permission for such wiretap. However, the New York Times revealed a gross violation of this statute by the Bush administration, which eavesdropped on thousands of telephone conversations secretly, and without permission from FISA courts (Lichtblau para 1; Yale University School of Law Symposium 404). Supporters of this move argue that FISA statutes were meant for times of peace thus did not cater for the current security threats. This beli ef lead to The President lifting some of the â€Å"legal restrictions† in the act that did not allowed warrant less electronic surveillance (Risen and Eric para 14).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proponents continue to argue that this program not only needed implementation in full but also total privacy. Exposing classified information such as documents detailing war on terror to the public is equal to â€Å"advertising American war on terror† (Yale University School of Law Symposium 405). Furthermore collecting information on ones war enemies is an age-old practice and therefore not abnormal in the war against terrorism. This makes the â€Å"Terrorist Surveillance Program† intended to collect terrorist information thousands of citizen inside and outside USA without FISA courts approval necessary as it was also in line with the US constitution (406). F ISA statute had several loopholes especially regarding executive authority. It did not address the question of the extent of presidential powers in exercising official authority. It also does not answer the question whether the president has discretionary powers when national security is at stake and lastly legal experts question its constitutionality if in its provision too restrict executive power, limits the power of the president to act in protecting and securing Americans in dire times (Centre for Law and Security 3). However, several people have opposed this program vehemently. Opponents state that it amounted to abuse of the law by the Bush administration. They claim that unwarranted wire taps are illegal for whatever reason and that bypassing the FISA policies is unconstitutional in two ways: it amounts to making the FISA statute optional, and it is also a grave abuse of executive authority by the president (Savage and Risen para 11). Several US judges have also ruled unwarr anted eavesdropping illegal as it intrudes into peoples private phone calls without any good reason. The knowledge that phone calls could be tapped unwarrantedly makes Americans paranoid and afraid of free phone speech, which curtails freedom of speech (Holding para 4, 5). The initial intention of this program was to gain information that would help in the war against terrorism. However, the changing nature of the terrorism coupled with creative manipulation of the law has lead to what many calls abuse of the executive authority. In the meantime, controversy ranges on about the legality and necessity of the program.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The NSA program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Center for Law and Security. â€Å"The NSA Wiretapping Program.† For The Record. 2007. Web. Fisher, Louis. â€Å"National Security Surveillance: Unchecked or Limited Presidential Power,† in Carter, Contemporary Cases in U.S. Foreign Policy, 2011. Print. Holding, Reynolds â€Å"Why the Wiretapping Ruling Is Vulnerable† Time. 2006. Web. Levy, David, Leong, Joy, Bus, Lawrence Plunkett, Michael. â€Å"Benefits- Cost Regulation of Negotiated Service Agreements.† n.d. Web. Lichtblau, Eric. â€Å"Senate Approves Bill to Broaden Wiretap Powers.† New York  Times. July 10, 2008. Web. Risen, James and Lichtblau, Eric. â€Å"Bush Secretly Lifted Some Limits on Spying in U.S. After 9/11, Officials Say.† New York Times. December 15, 2005. Web. Savage, Charlie and Risen, James. â€Å"Federal Judge Finds N.S.A. Wiretaps Were Illegal.† New York Times. March 31, 2010.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yale University School of Law Symposium, â€Å"Warrant less Wiretaps,† in A Loch Johnson and James Wirtz, ed., Intelligence and National Security New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. This research paper on The NSA program was written and submitted by user Danica Rosario to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Idioms and Expressions With All

Idioms and Expressions With All The following English idioms and expressions use the word all. Each idiom or expression has a definition and three example sentences to help your  understanding of these common idiomatic expressions with all.   All-Nighter Definition: Do something (for instance a study session) that lasts all night We pulled an all-nighter to get ready for the exam.The graduation party was an all-nighter.Im afraid Im going to have to pull an all-nighter to get the report ready for tomorrow. All Over Something Definition: Very fond of something Hes all over the latest fashions.Peters all over antique furniture.Im all over that authors works. All Right Definition: Yes, okay, fine Thats all right by me!All right! I got an A on my term paper.I think hes all right with the changes we foresee.   All Shook Up Definition: extremely excited, worried, or disturbed about something Hes all shook up about his mothers illness.Wow! Im all shook up about Alice.I dont want you to get all shook up over the news. All That and Then Some Definition: even more than what has been mentioned He did all that and then some to get the new job.Yes, thats right. All that and then some!I think hell do all that and then some in order to get the company back on its feet.   All the Way (With Go) Definition: do something completely Hes going all the way for the scholarship.We went all the way to California on our vacation.I think you can go all the way to finals in this competition. Dash It All Definition: Expression used when very upset Dash it all! I didnt do very well.Dash it all! She cant come this weekend.Im afraid the position didnt work out. Dash it all! For All I Know Definition: Based on what I know (usually expressing displeasure) For all I know, hell come and win the prize.Theyve decided to hire Jack for all I know.For all he knows, she wants to get married.   Free for All Definition: Crazy, non-restricted activity (generally a fight) It was a free for all! Everyone went crazy!They stepped in to break up the free for all.Black Friday is generally a free for all that I try to avoid.   Have It All together Definition: Be very poised, successful He has it all together. The house, the wife, the kids, the great job - everything!I was very impressed with the candidate. She seemed to have it all together.I hope the new recruit has it all together. We need a team player.   Hold All the Aces Definition: Have all the advantages Unfortunately, Tom holds all the aces right now. Youll have to do what he says.Im holding all the aces so I can do whatever I want.Im afraid this is a situation in which you dont hold all the aces. Know All the Angles Definition: Be very clever about something Jack knows all the angles. Be careful!The salesman knew all the angles, and by the end of our talk I had bought a new computer!If you need some help with math talk to Peter. He knows all the angles.   Know It All Definition: Someone who seems to know everything and lets everybody know that he / she knows everything, used in a negative sense I know you think you are a know it all, but you dont know everything.  I hate Tom. Hes such a know it all in class.Dont think you know it all.   Not All There Definition: Not intelligent, not completely focused on an activity Im afraid Peter is not all there. He needs some help badly.Unfortunately, I was not all there and lost the final match.Be quiet. The boss is not all there today. Give him plenty of room. Of All the Nerve Definition: expression of anger at someones behavior Of all the nerve! Did you see how that woman treated me?Of all the nerve! She took my seat!You didnt buy him a present?! Of all the nerve! That guy has always treated you well.   Once and for All Definition: Finally (usually putting an end to something) Im going to stop his behavior once and for all!Lets get this over once and for all.Id like to review the grammar one more time. Hopefully, this will make it clear once and for all.   Pull out All the Stops Definition: make every possible effort to do something He pulled out all the stops on the exam.Were going to pull out all the stops on our presentation.Id like to throw a huge party that pulls out all the stops.   You Cant Win Them All Definition: Expression of acceptance after a loss or disappointment Well, you cant win them all. Lets go home.You did your best. You cant win them allI tried to get the job, but I didnt. You cant win them all.